Women in the Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women in the Military - Research Paper Example However these people did not have any rank. Though they served the duties of army and played an integral part for the forces they were not considered soldiers or significant section of the military. During the Civil wars there apart from espionage and duties some women also disguised as men took part in the struggle. (Devilibiss, 1) History of Participation of Women The participation of women in military has a long history. The folklore tells the story of Molly Pitcher who served in the Continental Army. But the women in military services first began in 1901 and 1908 when they were employed in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps. But in both the forces their roles were restricted to nursing. The nurses were sent along with the troops wherever required. However they were regarded mainly as an auxiliary force and never took part in actual warfare. The nurses in the initial days had no uniform or ranks and they were never considered as soldiers. During World War I for the first time women wer e employed in non-nursing profession. However these services were mainly as clerks, typists, and telephone operators. There was no risk involved and the services were typically perceived as feminine. Around 49,000 women served during this time. After the war they were returned to the normal civilian life. More women participation was seen during the World War II all around the world including Soviet Union, Great Britain and America. In the American forces the participation was restricted to only 2.3% only. Several new units like the WASP (Women’s Air Service Pilot), WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service), and WAAC (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps) was formed. But their roles and promotions were restricted till 1967. The first rights to equal opportunities came with the Public Law 90-130 during the late seventies. In 1980 the Air Force Academy class saw for the first time students from both sexes in a class (Mitchell, 1-35). Since them the participation of the women has come a long way with the report of Military Leadership Diversity Council that has recommended the participation of women in combat in the United States Army. (Burgoyne). Women and War: Sociological Aspect Many discussions have been conducted about women’s participation in war and peace. One of the significant theories in this respect is the Feminist Peace and Conflict Theory. This theory has considered the life and the encounters of women in warfare and postulated various theories. IL the 1980s the scholars have argued that traditionally the women are advocates of peace while the men make wars. The underlying logic is that the men are more aggressive than women. Therefore they are the main proponents of war. Mary Daly and the workers of the Ecofeminist movement have proposed such thoughts. The structuralists have argued that the gendered bias of profession finds their resonance in the masculine perception of military and nation state. Many have argued that the c ontribution of women in defense have been conveniently omitted due to the patriarchal nature of historiography. The existentialist theorists have given a different argument. According to them the women in a patriarchal society are conceived as the other due to the construction of the gender concept based on existence. Therefore their participation in all forms of decision making and military was restricted. However the role of women as warriors in the struggles of Nicaragua and Vietnam changes the idea of women as the advocators of pacifist movements. New lights were shed on the perception of gender based on the aggressiveness and submissiveness. The

Neil Postman's view on either religion, politics, or education in Essay

Neil Postman's view on either religion, politics, or education in Amusing Ourselves to Death - Essay Example This is certainly true, as many local cable shows make religion to be some kind of spectacle and not much else. However, even off the television religion is not all that great and in fact many of the things Postman talks about have been carried out long before television existed. According to Postman, when religion is put on television, "Everything that makes religion an historic, profound and sacred human activity is stripped away; there is no ritual, no dogma, no tradition, no theology, and above all, no sense of spiritual transcendence" (Postman). He says that what happens instead is that the preacher becomes more important than God himself, and that essentially the religious experience becomes some kind of cult of personality where the audience is enthralled with the preacher who owns the television show. Postman cites a number of television shows which proves his point. His three main examples are Jim Swaggart, Pat Robertson, and Reverend Terry. Reverend Terry "offers a "prosper ity Campaign Kit," which appears to have a dual purpose: As it brings one nearer to Jesus, it also provides advice on how to increase one's bank account" (Postman). Pat Robertson is not quite so bold about it but his 700 club still charges people "fifteen dollars per month" to belong to it and to keep running (Postman). Jim Swaggart is in the old style but his preaching is still television-ized, his sermons are "theatrical, emotional, and in a curious way comforting" (Postman). Indeed, there are plenty of television shows like the ones Postman mentions. Local cable stations abound in just the sort of preaching that he is talking about. In fact, things have gotten worse since Postman's writing. Figures like Glenn Beck, who has a television show as well as a radio show, actually just spread hatred and spectacle on their show purely for ratings. Glenn Beck is a reat example of the preacher being more important than God, like Postman says. Postman, though, says television "is not congen ial to messages of naked hate" (Postman). Figures like Beck show this is not the case, and suggest that religion has become even more degraded by television now. Postman believes that television automatically changes the message of anything, and that this is why religion becomes cheapened on television. Unlike the thrill of being there in person, where the preacher can speak more directly to you, television makes this impossible because you do not know who is watching and have to take care of the ratings. Basically he says that "on television, religion, like everything else, is presented, quite simply and without apology, as an entertainment." Postman compares several pre-television evangelists to the three TV preachers he brought up. He says that men "such as Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield and Charles Finney, ... were men of great learning, theological subtlety and powerful expositional skills" (Postman). He says that what makes the real difference though, is that the medium o f television is not as effective as the medium of being there in person. The problem with moderrn evangelists is that they do not "the truth, if they think about it at all, that not all forms of discourse can be converted from one medium to another" (Postman). He says this is like translating poetry, where the message remains but the meaning is lost. While Postman does make a good point about ratings, it is not necessarily true that all pre-television evangelists were better at their job. For instance there must have been many who were just in it to make money by entertaining people, and in a time when television was not available there was not any other sort of entertainment. For this reason